USDe Risk Audit / Dated research
The conversion behind a partial repayment
Historical DAI and USDS records now explain more of the USDT that reached a borrower and its lender. They do not identify every payer, settle the last creditor or establish the complete cost.
The useful advance is an actual conversion trail, not a new quote. The selected historical records connect 10,000 DAI delivered to a routing address, a slightly larger DAI-to-USDS conversion, and 10,001.640594 USDT paid out by a pool manager. That last amount matches the already recorded transfer to the borrower.
The original USDT reserve received a partial payment and temporary USDC principal returned. A persistent USDC loan financed that return. Complete original-and-replacement-creditor recovery, all upstream funding ownership and attributable total expenses remain unestablished.
More of the payment is explained; it is not a second payment
The transaction occurred on 7 October 2026 at 05:44:35 UTC, on Ethereum in block 26,138,499. The additional evidence was examined on 17 October. This ten-day separation matters: learning more about a payment does not create another payment, increase its amount or refresh the debtor’s balances. The last accepted whole-account observation remains the separately dated October 16 endpoint.
The earlier partial-refinancing chapter already established the borrower’s USDT receipt, payment to the original reserve, creation of replacement USDC debt and return of temporary USDC principal. The new records explain intermediate asset movements inside that same transaction. Several steps previously represented only as an untraced conversion are now supported by matching transfers and financial events.
This is favorable evidence about a real payment path. DAI was delivered, USDS was created and passed onward, and USDT emerged in the denomination the original creditor required. The result is stronger than multiplying an input by an indicative exchange rate. It nevertheless describes one historical passage at the recorded amount, not a reserved future conversion or a facility committed to refinance the whole position.
The audit still asks who supplies each resource, which claim changes hands and who is left facing the deadline. A recipient can be known while its complete funding source is not. A creditor can receive cash while another creditor acquires a persistent loan. An event can report a fee rate while the borrower’s total attributable expense remains unknown. Keeping those distinctions is necessary to understand what this successful partial sequence did—and did not—resolve.
Inspect the historical transaction · Read the paired dated values.
DAI delivery becomes USDS settlement and then USDT cash
The conversion is observed; all upstream funding is not
The selected account is 0xea1776733cc969df4ff004a9e1a2d87f5b60add4 on Ethereum. The routing address, 0x8f10b468b06c6fd214b65f87778827f7d113f996, receives and passes the relevant intermediate assets. “Routing address” describes that observed role; it is not an identification of its operator, legal owner, audited implementation or service terms.
Eleven newly examined historical logs match nine previously retained selected records by transaction hash, block hash, transaction index and ordering. Together they provide twenty selected records in one transaction. They are not twenty newly acquired events or a complete receipt. The transaction index is 162. Four additional historical asset getters bind the PSM’s USDC/DAI pair and the converter’s DAI/USDS pair at the event block.
| Stage | Recorded quantity | What it establishes |
|---|---|---|
| PSM delivery | 10,000 DAI | Actual DAI transfer to the routing address; the associated SellGem event reports zero DAI fee. |
| Next DAI input | 10,000.000000180475496719 DAI | Input to the converter is slightly larger than the preceding output. |
| USDS conversion and settlement | 10,000.000000180475496719 USDS | Matching creation, conversion event and payment to the pool manager. The same resource is used, not added twice. |
| USDT output | 10,001.640594 USDT | Actual pool-manager transfer to the routing address; it matches the inherited borrower receipt. |
| Original-debt service | 10,006.329226 USDT | Recorded payment to the original Aave reserve, including 4.688632 USDT of the borrower’s own cash. |
The DAI-to-USDS stage matches input and output quantity. The inspected converter source describes equal-quantity accounting, and the historical asset getters distinguish the two tokens. USDS is not Ethena USDe. A USDS creation record is not evidence of USDe issuance, an addition to Ethena backing or another independently available reserve. The DAI input is used before the USDS output can be used. Source 03
The last market step also has an important advantage over a hypothetical sale: its USDT output is a recorded transfer, not merely a quotation budget. The signed swap amounts agree with USDS going into the manager and USDT coming out. The acquired pool identifier concerns this swap; it does not assign all the manager’s other pools or inventory to this borrower. Source 04
Three unnamed events from the routing address contain words consistent with the named conversions. Their interface was not verified, so they are corroboration rather than invented function calls. The decisive joins use standard token transfers and the separately interpretable PSM, converter and swap fields. No complete internal execution trace is implied by agreement among those selected records.
The requested block for each historical identity getter was 26,138,499. Later outer node heads, 26,211,082–26,211,087, belong to acquisition metadata, not the state of the historical transaction. A later response does not change the date of the quantities being interpreted. Source 01
A known recipient does not identify every payer
Recipient, payer and cost bearer need different evidence
The PSM’s SellGem event calls one indexed field owner. In the inspected source, that field identifies the DAI recipient. The financial branch takes the input asset from the caller and delivers DAI to the named recipient. The field name alone therefore cannot establish who originally owned the USDC, who authorized every upstream transfer or who ultimately bore its cost. Source 02
The inherited record shows temporary USDC reaching the borrower and then a first recipient. The new record shows the PSM delivering DAI in the same transaction. The complete set of transfers between that first USDC recipient and the PSM’s funding side is still unestablished. Common transaction identity and ordering support joining the conversion to the refinancing, but they do not replace the missing payer-by-payer resource account.
A second, much smaller limit appears in the next input. The recorded converter input exceeds the acquired PSM output by 0.000000180475496719 DAI, or 180,475,496,719 base units. The amount is economically negligible relative to the 10,000-unit conversion. It matters to exact attribution, not as an explanation of a materially different whole-position recovery.
The routing address could have held DAI already or received an additional inflow. Neither explanation is established. The difference is not labelled a fee, sponsorship payment, profit, backing deficit or service of another debt. It is a difference between two observed legs—not a measured net change across the routing address’s complete holdings. Preserving it avoids both sensationalizing a tiny residual and falsely assigning every unit to a single source.
For a lender judging a future funding route, those are different questions from whether historical USDT arrived. The arrival is supported. The full source of every input, the authority to reuse those funds and the terms of a larger commitment are not. Evidence of one admitted partial conversion should not be discarded, but it should not be made to answer an ownership or capacity question outside its scope.
Amount, rate and debt service are different cost objects
A zero fee amount is not a free refinancing
The historical PSM event reports zero DAI fee for this conversion. Its source exposes ordinary and fee-exempt entry paths that share the event. Without the complete transaction evidence, the event does not establish which entry path was used. It is not a current zero-fee parameter read, a permanent exemption or evidence that the whole refinancing was free. Source 02
The swap event’s fee field is 6. Its documented unit is hundredths of a basis point, giving 6 parts per million, 0.0006%, or 0.06 basis points. This is a rate observation, not an independently itemized debit or the sum of expenses paid by the borrower. It is not six basis points or six percent. Source 04
The actual USDT received must not be treated as a pre-fee quotation and reduced a second time by a newly inferred fee. A further deduction would require evidence of a separate obligation. Equally, the nonzero swap-rate field does not disappear merely because the preceding PSM event reports zero DAI fee. The supported result is partially explained conversion mechanics with incomplete total-cost attribution.
The borrower’s 4.688632 USDT is cash contributed to the recorded debt-service payment. It is not a route fee, and the available evidence does not establish its principal-versus-interest allocation. The payment amount and the loan-accounting split are different propositions. The tiny extra DAI input is also kept separate from this USDT contribution.
| Object | Supported result | Remaining boundary |
|---|---|---|
| PSM fee | 0 DAI in the selected event | Exact entry path, continuing parameter and full route cost are not established. |
| Swap fee | Rate field: 6 parts per million | No independently itemized additional fee payment or complete borrower cost. |
| Own cash | 4.688632 USDT toward debt service | Not a fee; principal/interest split unestablished. |
| Extra DAI | 0.000000180475496719 DAI in the next input | Source and cost bearer unassigned. |
| Execution and reimbursement | No attributable amount established | Gas, payer, sponsor, reimbursements and net return remain unknown—not zero. |
A narrowly scoped historical EntryPoint screen did not identify a sponsor. The published account-abstraction interfaces describe fields that could support a gas or paymaster attribution; the existence of those fields or a documented sponsorship alternative does not establish their use by this account. Another entry point, a direct transaction or a different funding arrangement is not excluded. Source 05 · Source 06 · Source 07
The distinction is consequential for assessing an exit. Cash reaching a creditor answers a payment question. A complete expense account would additionally need attributable execution charges, any reimbursements or consideration and the terms governing the funding. Neither zero attribution nor an invented aggregate charge is justified by the current evidence.
The temporary lender was repaid by creating persistent debt
Better evidence today can describe an older payment
The historical transaction contains three financing relationships. The original Aave USDT reserve receives a payment toward a much larger obligation. The temporary USDC provider receives back the recorded principal. The Aave USDC reserve supplies a new variable borrowing that finances that temporary-principal return. The last relationship does not close just because the temporary provider was paid.
| Creditor relationship | Recorded amount or event | What remains |
|---|---|---|
| Original USDT reserve | 10,006.329226 USDT paid | Partial service, not final payoff of the original whole loan. |
| Temporary USDC provider | 10,000 USDC arrives and returns | Principal circuit completed; its complete expense account is not established. |
| Persistent USDC reserve | 10,000 USDC new variable borrowing | Replacement debt survives the temporary return and accrues on its own terms. |
The same 10,000-USDC replacement draw cannot count once as cash used to retire the temporary advance and again as free money available for a second repayment. Nor is the difference between 10,000 USDC advanced and 10,001.640594 USDT received a dollar profit. The assets are different, the sequence includes own cash and intermediate claims, and the complete attributable expense and valuation account is missing.
At the last measured whole-account cutoff, 16 October 2026 at 02:58:59 UTC, the account owed 5,872,570.456250 USDT and 10,012.220363 USDC. Its reported health factor was 1.050458478312570382. These are inherited endpoint findings, not October 17 balances. Positive accepted-value headroom remains favorable evidence about that state; it neither discharges debt nor establishes default. The historical conversion predates this endpoint.
A replacement lender can help a borrower avoid an immediate sale or a funding delay. It also takes continuing collateral, price and timing exposure. A complete recovery would require sufficient final resources for each surviving obligation, the permission to use them and an account of what claims remain afterward. No new full-position facility, final payoff or collateral realization is established here.
The October 16 cash-versus-claim distinction also remains relevant. Settlement using an owned matching supplier claim could discharge a debt without adding reserve cash. The present conversion does not establish acquisition of such aUSDT or aUSDC claims. The earlier zero directly held matching claims remain scoped, dated observations—not proof that another account, a later purchase or independent support is impossible.
A stronger event account is not complete wallet history
The new evidence is most useful for explaining what did happen inside the selected historical transaction. It does not establish a complete account of what happened afterward. Twenty selected records can describe meaningful financial steps without being the transaction’s entire receipt, all internal calls or an independently complete history.
An indexed ERC-20 page for blocks 26,141,670–26,202,255 returned no rows and no next page. The provider expressly did not establish independent completeness. Exhausting the returned page set therefore does not show that no payments, liquidations or relevant token movements occurred throughout the requested 60,586 blocks. It also does not establish current ownership.
The older 54,378-block gap and accepted 6,208-block ordinary-beneficiary/owner window retain their separate meanings. The successful empty ordinary-role filters remain valid for their stated scope. They do not become complete liquidation or token-history coverage. Categories without usable observations remain unestablished; they are not successful zero-result searches.
A usable full receipt was not acquired for the known transaction. This does not negate the matched historical logs, establish that the transaction never happened or make it currently pending. It leaves receipt-level fields such as status, gas used and effective gas price unavailable. Matching transfers supports the specified cash movements; it does not supply every execution expense or the outer payer. Source 01
| Evidence object | Useful result | Conclusion not established |
|---|---|---|
| Selected transaction records | Intermediate tokens join the earlier actual borrower receipt | Complete trace, all payers, receipt-level status or all-in gas cost. |
| Historical identity getters | PSM and converter tokens bound at block 26,138,499 | Refreshed borrower/reserve state or historical implementation assurance. |
| Indexed ERC-20 page | No returned rows; no next cursor for the stated request | Independent coverage of all 60,586 blocks or complete wallet history. |
| Earlier ordinary-role window | 6,208 covered blocks at the October 16 cutoff | Closure of the separate earlier gap or failed history categories. |
| Full-position recovery | Historical partial funding remains supported | Final payment of both persistent debts or sufficient future financing. |
A local success can coexist with unresolved whole-position risk
For the borrower, the historical sequence demonstrates financial flexibility: an owed token arrived through several same-chain conversions and the original reserve received a payment. The acquired legs do not show a contemporaneous sale of the account’s sUSDe collateral. That favorable result should not be discarded merely because the borrower remained leveraged afterward.
For suppliers, the affected reserve matters. A USDT payment is cash at the USDT reserve; a new USDC borrowing creates continuing exposure in the USDC reserve. Neither a successful conversion elsewhere nor a completed temporary-principal return guarantees that every supplier can withdraw together. Paying one creditor can move the remaining risk rather than eliminate it.
For a holder of an intermediate claim, DAI becoming USDS changes the asset and its next conversion dependency. The equal quantity is not a separate legal-recovery opinion or a second backing contribution. Likewise, a transfer and an event reporting that transfer are two observations of one flow, not two funding resources.
The wider audit still distinguishes a recoverable market discount from actual backing impairment. This historical conversion measures neither full sUSDe collateral-sale capacity nor an issuer-wide reserve shortfall. The selected PT’s hypothetical 900,000-USDC obligation is not the actual Aave debtor’s loan. Its larger route and funded waiting-period questions are not resolved by a successful approximately 10,000-unit currency conversion.
The same is true across networks. An Ethereum receipt does not fund the selected Base borrower without an identified entitled resource and a timely same-network payment. Earlier Base, PT and shareholder evidence retains its own dates, positive observations and unresolved full-funding or expense limits. No bridge advance or funded Base PSM is inferred.
A complete receipt or compatible payment record could strengthen attribution of the missing initial USDC funding, the extra DAI and execution costs. A later matched payoff could change the interpretation of a surviving loan at a new cutoff. An actual liquidation or loss event could also change the assessment. Neither favorable nor adverse outcome is assumed. Exceptional oracle, authority, bridge and PSM safeguards remain conditional; ordinary financial events and field definitions are not a security audit.
Inspect the amounts, field meanings and dated boundaries
The numerical companion is a reader-safe selection from the paired research. It retains the common event identity, twenty selected logs, four historical asset bindings, the supplied amount and expense fields, the inherited October 16 endpoint and explicit history limits. It is not a full receipt, a transaction-building package or a live account feed. Decimal amounts are strings to preserve precision; unknown expenses and final settlement remain null rather than zero.
Open the dated observation data · Historical transaction reference.
The sources below were examined in the research on 17 October 2026. They explain field meanings and financial alternatives. Branch-linked source files are not immutable historical-runtime matches; the public representations may have older cache or publication dates.
Source 01 · Ethereum execution JSON-RPC documentation
Public source. Block parameters, log and receipt objects. These definitions explain why a later node head is not the requested historical state and why missing receipt fields cannot be inferred from a selected transfer.
Source 02 · Sky ecosystem DssLitePsm.sol
Public source. SellGem, the DAI recipient and ordinary/fee-exempt financial branches. Used for the amount/fee units and payer distinction—not to identify the exact entry function, the current fee parameter or a complete deployed build.
Source 03 · Sky ecosystem DaiUsds.sol
Public source. DaiToUsds and equal-quantity input/output accounting. Interpreted alongside historical token identities and matched transfers, not as a complete deployment certificate.
Source 04 · Uniswap v4 IPoolManager interface
Public source. Swap signed amounts and the fee field’s hundredths-of-a-basis-point unit. The transfer records establish the observed direction; the interface does not itemize all transaction expenses.
Source 05 · Account abstraction v0.7 IEntryPoint interface
Public source. Sender, paymaster and gas fields in UserOperationEvent. A version-specific field reference, not evidence that this account used the corresponding execution path.
Source 06 · Account abstraction v0.7 release record
Public source. Version-specific EntryPoint address. Relevant only to the narrow historical sponsorship screen, not the account’s full execution model.
Source 07 · ERC-4337 account abstraction specification
Public source. General paymaster and gas-payment distinctions. No sponsor or reimbursement obligation is established for this borrower.